ADPKD is a genetic, progressive disease1,2

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the continuous development and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys1,2

A parent with ADPKD has a 50% chance of passing the disease on to each of their children.3,4

Over time, enlarging cysts can increase kidney size by up to 4 times that of normal kidneys5

  • Enlarging cysts contribute to the compression and loss of surrounding functional renal tissue, resulting in a progressive decline of renal function1,6
  • The damage caused by enlarging cysts and the increase in kidney size become irreversible, which eventually leads to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)6

signs and symptoms of ADPKD can be difficult to identify

Although ADPKD is a genetic disease, family history may be unknown. When patients experience symptoms related to ADPKD, the disease may not be promptly recognized. As a result, years can elapse before the diagnosis of ADPKD is made.3,4

ADPKD is a heterogeneous renal disease with a high degree of symptom variability3,7-10

Renal and Extra-Renal Manifestations in Patients with ADPKD
Renal and Extra-Renal Manifestations in Patients with ADPKD
  • Hepatic cysts are the most common extra-renal manifestation in patients with ADPKD3

OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN DIAGNOSING ADPKD

Even though ADPKD impacts all races, research shows that patient outcomes, such as early diagnosis and treatment of ADPKD, may vary by race and ethnicity attributed to social determinants of health (SDOH). Though more extensive research is needed, based on the available data, it's important to consider the following:

  • Other conditions that are more common in Black patients with ADPKD, such as hypertension, diabetes, or sickle cell, have the potential to mask an ADPKD diagnosis11

DIAGNOSING ADPKD

Multiple techniques can be used to confirm a diagnosis of ADPKD12

Diagnosis of ADPKD is typically established on the basis of:

Ultrasound is the most commonly used imaging modality for a diagnosis of ADPKD13

Unified ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosis of ADPKD in patients with positive family history (Pei criteria)14,15*:

ADPKD Criteria: 15-60 Years
ADPKD Criteria: 15-60 Years

When there is no clear family history:

  • Genetic testing is available to help confirm a diagnosis
  • Multiple factors should be considered, including the age of the patient, presence of associated manifestations (ie, liver cysts), bilaterally enlarged kidneys, and >10 cysts in each kidney16

ADPKD =autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ESKD=end-stage kidney disease; UTI=urinary tract infection.

*Criteria based on age and cyst count in patients with a positive family history.

Discover how kidney size can be a helpful measure in assessing your patients for disease progression

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  1. Patel V, Chowdhury R, lgarashi P. Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009;18(2):99-106.
  2. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, et al; for the TEMPO 3:4 Trial Investigators. Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(25):2407-2418.
  3. Ness B, Stovall K. Current recommendations for treating autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. JAAPA. 2016;29(12):24-28.
  4. Chapman AB. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: time for a change? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(5):1399-1407.
  5. Braun WE. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: emerging concepts of pathogenesis and new treatments. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76(2):97-104.
  6. Grantham JJ, Mulamalla S, Swenson-Fields KI. Why kidneys fail in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7(10):556-566.
  7. Halvorson CR, Bremmer MS, Jacobs SC. Polycystic kidney disease: inheritance, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2010;3:69-83.
  8. Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet. 2007;369(9569):1287-1301.
  9. Torres VE, Harris PC. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int. 2009;76(2):149-168.
  10. Li X, ed. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Brisbane, Australia. Codon Publications; 2015.
  11. Murphy EL, Dai F, Blount KL, Droher ML, et al. Revisiting racial differences in ESRD due to ADPKD in the United States. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):55.
  12. Chebib FT, Perrone RD, Chapman AB, et al. A practical guide for treatment of rapidly progressive ADPKD with tolvaptan. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(10):2458-2470.
  13. Pei Y, Hwang Y-H, Conklin J, et al. Imaging-based diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(3):746-753.
  14. Pei Y, Obaji J, Dupuis A, et al. Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(1):205-212.
  15. Gaur P, Gedroyc W, Hill P. ADPKD—what the radiologist should know. Br J Radiol. 2019;92(1098): 20190078.
  16. Chebib FT, Torres VE. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: core curriculum 2016. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(5):792-810.

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INDICATION and IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

JYNARQUE is indicated to slow kidney function decline in adults at risk of rapidly progressing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

WARNING: RISK OF SERIOUS LIVER INJURY

WARNING: RISK OF SERIOUS LIVER INJURY

  • JYNARQUE® (tolvaptan) can cause serious and potentially fatal liver injury. Acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation has been reported
  • Measure transaminases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin before initiating treatment, at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after initiation, then monthly for the first 18 months and every 3 months thereafter. Prompt action in response to laboratory abnormalities, signs, or symptoms indicative of hepatic injury can mitigate, but not eliminate, the risk of serious hepatotoxicity
  • Because of the risks of serious liver injury, JYNARQUE is available only through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy program called the JYNARQUE REMS Program

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

  • History, signs or symptoms of significant liver impairment or injury. This contraindication does not apply to uncomplicated polycystic liver disease
  • Taking strong CYP3A inhibitors
  • With uncorrected abnormal blood sodium concentrations
  • Unable to sense or respond to thirst
  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis, rash) to JYNARQUE or any component of the product
  • Uncorrected urinary outflow obstruction
  • Anuria

Serious Liver Injury: JYNARQUE can cause serious and potentially fatal liver injury. Acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation has been reported in the post-marketing ADPKD experience. Discontinuation in response to laboratory abnormalities or signs or symptoms of liver injury (such as fatigue, anorexia, nausea, right upper abdominal discomfort, vomiting, fever, rash, pruritus, icterus, dark urine or jaundice) can reduce the risk of severe hepatotoxicity. To reduce the risk of significant or irreversible liver injury, assess ALT, AST and bilirubin prior to initiating JYNARQUE, at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after initiation, then monthly for 18 months and every 3 months thereafter.

Hypernatremia, Dehydration and Hypovolemia: JYNARQUE therapy increases free water clearance which can lead to dehydration, hypovolemia and hypernatremia. Instruct patients to drink water when thirsty, and throughout the day and night if awake. Monitor for weight loss, tachycardia and hypotension because they may signal dehydration. Ensure abnormalities in sodium concentrations are corrected before initiating therapy. If serum sodium increases above normal or the patient becomes hypovolemic or dehydrated and fluid intake cannot be increased, suspend JYNARQUE until serum sodium, hydration status and volume status parameters are within the normal range.

Inhibitors of CYP3A: Concomitant use of JYNARQUE with drugs that are moderate or strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, lopinavir/ritonavir, indinavir/ritonavir, ritonavir, and conivaptan) increases tolvaptan exposure. Use with strong CYP3A inhibitors is contraindicated; dose reduction of JYNARQUE is recommended for patients taking moderate CYP3A inhibitors. Patients should avoid grapefruit juice beverages while taking JYNARQUE.

Adverse Reactions: Most common observed adverse reactions with JYNARQUE (incidence >10% and at least twice that for placebo) were thirst, polyuria, nocturia, pollakiuria and polydipsia.

Other Drug Interactions:

  • Strong CYP3A Inducers: Co-administration with strong CYP3A inducers reduces exposure to JYNARQUE. Avoid concomitant use of JYNARQUE with strong CYP3A inducers
  • V2-Receptor Agonist: Tolvaptan interferes with the V2-agonist activity of desmopressin (dDAVP). Avoid concomitant use of JYNARQUE with a V2-agonist

Pregnancy and Lactation: Based on animal data, JYNARQUE may cause fetal harm. In general, JYNARQUE should be discontinued during pregnancy. Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with JYNARQUE.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. at 1-800-438-9927 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 (www.fda.gov/medwatch).

Please see FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION, including BOXED WARNING.